The rudder is the primary control of yaw. A positive yawing motion moves the nose of the aircraft to the right. The yaw axis has its origin at the center of gravity and is directed towards the bottom of the aircraft, perpendicular to the wings and to the fuselage reference line. Normally, this is made in such a way that the X is used for the longitudinal axis, but there are other possibilities to do it. Normally, these axes are represented by the letters X, Y and Z in order to compare them with some reference frame, usually named x, y, z. Longitudinal axis, or roll axis - an axis drawn through the body of the vehicle from tail to nose in the normal direction of flight, or the direction the pilot faces, similar to a ship's waterline.Transverse axis, lateral axis, or pitch axis - an axis running from the pilot's left to right in piloted aircraft, and parallel to the wings of a winged aircraft, parallel to the buttock line.Normal axis, or yaw axis - an axis drawn from top to bottom, and perpendicular to the other two axes, parallel to the fuselage station.On a spacecraft, the movements are usually produced by a reaction control system consisting of small rocket thrusters used to apply asymmetrical thrust on the vehicle. Elevators (moving flaps on the horizontal tail) produce pitch, a rudder on the vertical tail produces yaw, and ailerons (flaps on the wings that move in opposing directions) produce roll. On an aircraft, these are intentionally produced by means of moving control surfaces, which vary the distribution of the net aerodynamic force about the vehicle's center of gravity. These rotations are produced by torques (or moments) about the principal axes. These definitions were analogously applied to spacecraft when the first crewed spacecraft were designed in the late 1950s. These axes move with the vehicle and rotate relative to the Earth along with the craft. The axes are alternatively designated as vertical, lateral (or transverse), and longitudinal respectively. The position of all three axes, with the right-hand rule for describing the angle of its rotationsĪn aircraft in flight is free to rotate in three dimensions: yaw, nose left or right about an axis running up and down pitch, nose up or down about an axis running from wing to wing and roll, rotation about an axis running from nose to tail. For Euler angles with the same names, see Euler angles § Tait–Bryan angles. For meaning in mechanics, see Moment of inertia § Principal axes. This article is about yaw, pitch, and roll as symmetry axes of a plane.
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